Violence in Sport: Hooliganism as a Form of Sport Spectator Violence
Keywords:
violence, hooliganism, sport, sport spectators, mediaAbstract
In this paper author analyzes hooliganism as a contemporary form of violence related to sport. In order to explain the roots of hooliganism, author examines social structure of the hooligan groups, more precisely social background of the group’s members, with the aim to locate the main motives responsible for hooligan behavior, having in mind sociohistorical context in which this form of violence appeared and spread. It is stressed in this paper that the influence of the media and the government was of a crucial significance for creation of a wider social concern related to violence of sport spectators. By the pointing out to the existence of the problem and by giving it the publicity, media provoked, although it was not expected, escalation, development and evolution of the hooliganism, more exactly media influenced the appearance of the amplification spiral whereby exaggerated coverage of the phenomenon can have the effect of worsening it. Simultaneously, certain social conditions in the countries where the problem of hooliganism is evident, led to the occurrence of the racist and nationalistic colored violence which was treated as one of the hooligan ‘code of conduct’, especially apparent at the international sport scene. Finally, the assumption that consumption of alcohol and drugs by the hooligans is directly related to violent behavior increased already existing social concern which is discussed in the last section of this paper.
References
Carnibella, G., et al. (1996). Football violence in Europe: A report to the Amsterdam Group. Social Issues Research Centre.
Defrance, J. (2000). Sociologie du sport (3rd ed.). La Découverte & Syros.
Delić, L. (2005, April 26). MUP zatajio: Nije sankcionisana izuzetna agresivnost gledalaca smeštenih na južnoj tribini. Politika.
Dunning, E., Murphy, P., & Waddington, I. (2001). Towards understanding of football hooliganism as a world phenomenon.
Ehrenberg, A. (2001). Le culte de la performance. Hachette Littératures.
Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research. (2001). Football and football hooliganism: Fact sheet 1. University of Leicester.
Griggs, G. (2004). Soccer hooliganism in England between the wars. The Sport Journal, 7(3).
Guide juridique. (2004). La prévention et la lutte contre les incivilités et la violence dans le sport. Ministère des Sports de la République Française.
Halley, A. J. (2001). British soccer superhooligans: Emergence and establishment, 1982–2000. The Sport Journal, 4(3).
Haley, A. J., Johnston, I., & Brian, S. (1998). Menaces to management: A developmental view of British soccer hooligans, 1961–1986. The Sport Journal, 1(1).
Koković, D. (1990). Doba nasilja i sport. OKO.
Kostić, S. (2005). Tuče i igra. Radio Slobodna Evropa.
Lalić, D. (1990). Nasilništvo nogometnih navijača: Geneza fenomena u Jugoslaviji. Kultura: Časopis za teoriju i sociologiju kulture i kulturnu politiku, (88–90).
Marković, V. (1990). Zašto su samo navijači u napadu? Kultura: Časopis za teoriju i sociologiju kulture i kulturnu politiku, (88–90).
Marjanović, R. (1979). Socijalne funkcije sporta. Sociologija.
Mihajlović, S. (1990). Stereotipi i zablude: U shvatanju nasilja sportske publike. Kultura: Časopis za teoriju i sociologiju kulture i kulturnu politiku, (88–90).
Petrović, K. (1990). Nasilje i sport. Kultura: Časopis za teoriju i sociologiju kulture i kulturnu politiku, (88–90).
Piotrowski, P. (n.d.). Soccer hooliganism in Poland: Extent, dynamism and psychosocial conditions.
Radovanović, D. (Ed.). (2002). Delikti nasilja: Krivično-pravni i kriminološki aspekt. Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja.
Thompson, K. (2003). Moralna panika. Clio. (Original work published 2002)
Van Limbergen, K. (1990). Fudbalski vandalizam. Kultura: Časopis za teoriju i sociologiju kulture i kulturnu politiku, (88–90).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright over their published works and grant the publisher a non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be identified as its first publisher in cases of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media. The articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution International (CC BY 4.0) license, unless otherwise stated.
